Flaws Of The Laws Against Sex Offenders - 1616 Words

Flaws in our Laws According to the Center for Sex Offender Management â€Å"It is estimated that one in every five girls and one in every seven boys are sexually abused by the time they reach adulthood†. The United States has many laws aimed to reduce sexual offenders but the annual percentages for sexual offenses have stayed the same ever since the laws were established. This research is not intended to lessen the gravity of sexual offenses but to understand that our laws against sex offenders are not preventing the sexual offenses. The main problem with the laws against sex offenders, are the sex offender registries, the registries fail to act as a deterrent for sexual offenses and they encourage vigilante justice. Also, people convicted of a minor sexual offense face harsh punishments and sex offenders face many restrictions. In order to understand why the United States sex offender laws are the way they are, we need to know the story behind on why they were created. In 199 3, the Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act was established when Jacob Erwin Wetterling, an 11 year old boy, who was kidnapped, raped, and murdered by a sexual predator, that lived near him. According to the article Rethinking Sex Offender Registries by Lehrer, Eli, â€Å"the Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act required all states to establish their own registries†. After the Wetterling Act was established anShow MoreRelatedSexual Violence and The Adam Walsh Act1343 Words   |  5 Pagesoccurs every two minutes in the United States. Sexual violence against women is still endemic in the United States. Statistics show nearly one in five women have been sexually assaulted. Managing sex offenders is still an issue in the criminal justice system. Repeat offenders are extremely difficult to monitor. The national legislature monitoring system contains an absence of effective resea rch in monitoring sex offenders. Sexual offender registration and notification Act (SORNA) operates in all theRead MoreLaws of Juvenile Sexual Offenders Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Sexual Offenders: Should the Laws Be Adjusted? In today’s society of internet sex crimes being broadcast on the evening news and 60 Minutes doing specials at least once a month. Are we paying enough attention to other sexual crimes and problems, such as the laws pertaining to juvenile sex offenders and their victims? Could more be done to help and protect the perpetrators, victims and their families? It is my opinion that the laws pertaining to juvenile sex offenders need to be adjustedRead MoreSex Offender Industry1242 Words   |  5 PagesSex Offender Industry How is one defined if they are convicted of urinating in public, or participating in incest? Patronizing prostitutes? Touching another being inappropriately or sexual assault? All of the above makes perfect justification to be defined as a sex offender. As a repercussion of the sex crime, one May be incarcerated or put under community supervision. Regardless of the severity or natures of the crime, as well as age, all sex offenders share a common factor. Following their convictionRead MoreSex Offenders And Sexual Offenders1404 Words   |  6 Pages They can be your next door neighbor, someone down the street, or even a stranger behind you in line at the shopping center. Sex offenders are out there. They do not wear a label on them that says, â€Å"I am a registered sex offender†. They are required to register on the sex offender registry list as well as inform neighbors, put it on job applications, live a certain distance away from any zone which contain children, and follow several other places they are forbidden to go as part of their releaseRead MoreThree Strikes and You’re Out Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesWe live in a world of laws, statutes, and regulations. This society has to enforce all of it in order to keep this country from going into complete chaos. Some laws can cause a large amount of controversy and debate over it. Specifically speaking, the Three Strikes and You’re Out Law. This one law has many people arguing for and against it. Statements from many saying that it is unjust and unfair, while others say that is what our society needs in order to keep this world safe from those career criminalsRead MoreThe Flawed Prison System of America1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe Unites States of America’s prison system is a flawed mess. To open the eyes of our government we must first take a stand against unlawful government decisions, and show support for the greater good of society. What are our own tax-dollars paying for, w hat are the flaws in the justice/prison system, why is overcrowding in prisons causing tension, and what are ways our society and government can rebuild the system that has been destroyed over the years? Most criminals in prisons are not a dangerRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentencing Guidelines For The United States853 Words   |  4 Pagesto Hooker and Hirsh, â€Å"A felony conviction generally, by law, means a term of mandatory incarceration. An accused faces mandatory sentencing if he/she has any past felony conviction, or if he/she is accused of being a repetitive offender. As to the former, any past conviction counts, no matter how old† (Berlatsky 94-95). Hooker and Hirsh follow this claim up with the perfect example, â€Å"As to the latter, one would become a repetitive offender if he were to sell a marijuana cigarette on one day, andRead MoreOverview of Victimology1726 Words   |  7 Pagessuspected cases of human trafficking. The report further cited that 82% of the suspected cases of human trafficking incidents were confirmed as sex trafficking crimes. Further statistics provided in the report state that of the 83% nearly half of the victimology was under the age of 18 (Office of justice programs, 2011). The report also noted that 83% of the sex victims were American citizens while 67% of the victims were pushed into forced labor; were un-documented immigrants (Daigle, 2012). VictimRead MoreThe Sarah s Law As An Example1980 Words   |  8 Pageswill attempt to explain a watershed moment using the Sarah’s Law as an example. The main objective will be to observe how this law improved society using academic research and what improvements that can be provided with the law to help in the future towards treatments of victims and witnesses. This essay will highlight how Sarah’s Law was created and how it made a huge impact in the criminal justice system, as well as, the ways the law helped victims and witnesses in society today. The term ‘watershed’Read MoreSex Offender Registry2935 Words   |  12 Pagesperson that can be place on the National Sex Offender Registry is age 6. Yes, a kindergarten and be found to be a sexual predator as society puts it. Individuals on the registry are all treated equal by the public no matter the details of their actual crime. Even though the sex offender registry is a positive tool in the protection of society, the registry needs to be evaluated because sexual assault is not the only form of child abuse, non-violent offenders are on the registry, and children are now

The novel Frankenstein written in 1831 by Mary Shelley Free Essays

The novel Frankenstein written in 1831 by Mary Shelley is a tale that seems to expound on many of the ideas set forth in John Keats’ â€Å"Ode on Melancholy.† The thematic elements concur in their references to the unknown and to the unwanted and melancholic results of knowledge that lies beyond a certain threshold of life. Both works take on a very tenebrous tone and even hint at a certain inevitability in the coming of doom and the destruction of beauty. We will write a custom essay sample on The novel Frankenstein written in 1831 by Mary Shelley or any similar topic only for you Order Now They might even be considered works that celebrate the sadder circumstances in life—which is in direct contrast to the unbridled optimism of many Romantic poets of the era. The monster created by Victor Frankenstein, as well as Frankenstein himself, enter the dreamlike and unknown territory of Lethe warned against by Keats, and in return find out first hand the inner workings of life’s melancholy. The very first line of Keats’ poem warns against entrance into the unknown, as therein lies even more evidence of the grief that life can hold. He writes, â€Å"No, no, go not to Lethe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 1). Lethe refers to a river found in the Greek mythologies that flowed through the underworld of Hades. This river is one that causes forgetfulness and in that way casts a shroud over reality that is similar to the misty and dreamlike sense created in the novel Frankenstein. Shelley does this using several devices, such as through the setting she creates. The story begins while the first narrator and Dr. Frankenstein sail together on a vessel in the dark and expansive waters of the Arctic. The atmosphere speaks volumes of the lack of clarity that is shown to exist on the earth. It also prefigures the idea of Dr. Frankenstein’s forgetting (as on Lethe’s waters) lessons learned from Faust about seeking too much that which lies beyond death. It can also be seen from the very first letter written by Walton that life is itself shown to be unclear and unstable in its ability to mete out despair and melancholy no matter which actions are performed by the persons involved. Walton writes to Margaret: â€Å"And when shall I return? Ah, dear sister, how can I answer this question? If I succeed, many, many months, perhaps years, will pass before you and I may meet. If I fail, you will see me again soon, or never† (Shelley, 4). It is clear that life is like a voyage into the Arctic or on the river Lethe. What lies ahead is unknown and what happiness has past may easily be forgotten, as quickly as sadness may come. Yet Keats’ message is much more specific than the mere pointing out of the dreamlike nature of life. It goes further to deter men from seeking out the underside of life. He specifically warns against the deliberate seeking of things that are associated with death and the underworld. He speaks of the foolhardiness of twisting Wolfs-bane or allowing Proserpine (the goddess of the underworld) to kiss one’s forehead (lines 1-4). This is significant in the novel Frankenstein as the actions performed by that doctor may be compared directly to what Keats warns against. The doctor himself admits: â€Å"The moon gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hidingplaces† (Shelley, 45). Frankenstein reveals that he deliberately seeks out the halls of death in his quest to give life to a cadaverous body. He goes beyond the call of the living man and ventures uninvited into the underworld to have his brow kissed by Proserpine. The warning Keats gives seems to be merited as the consequences of his actions serve only to illuminate the more melancholy aspects of life. A portentous smudge on Dr. Frankenstein’s eagerness to infuse the dead body with his new concoction of life symbolizes the doom that is foretold by Keats for those who meddle with the things of death. Frankenstein describes his state during the times leading up to the creation of his monster, and he reveals, â€Å"I pursued my undertaking with unremitting ardour. My cheek had grown pale with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement† (Shelley, 44). This demonstrates the toll that his illicit actions were taking on his body. It is as though Proserpine’s kiss of death were spreading through his body while he attempted to give life to the dead one lying on his table. The unfavorable circumstances that are yet to come are prefigured in this episode where Frankenstein seems to be transferring his own life to the cadaver on which he operates. Keats goes on to speak of the fall of melancholy when â€Å"fit,† and this demonstrates that sadness itself will lie in incubation during periods that seem happy. He writes, â€Å"But when melancholy fit shall fall sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (lines 11-12). This demonstrates how in the fullness of time, melancholy itself will burst forth upon the heads of those who have performed the actions to deserve it. This is also true of the events of the novel Frankenstein. Once the scientific endeavor has been achieved, the Monster becomes a herald of fear and doom. He also becomes the hand of premature death to several of the characters, all of whom were loved by Victor. Furthermore, Keats’ comparison of melancholy’s â€Å"fall† to the weeping of a cloud makes it known that such sadness is a part of the cycle of life—and therefore gives the impression that there is no real need to seek it out, since it comes of its own accord anyway. Death would have come to Elizabeth, William, Justine and Frankenstein’s father without the help of the monster that was created. There was no real need for the Dr. Frankenstein to create that artificial taker of life, since life itself has its own built-in machinery of death. Yet Keats’ solution to the fall of melancholy holds a cryptic message that appears difficult to interpret. It is necessary to dig deeply into its meaning before it can be reconciled with the events portrayed in Mary Shelley’s novel. He indicates that when melancholy falls, one should â€Å"glut thy sorrow on a morning rose or on the rainbow of the salt sand-wave or on the wreath of globed peonies† (lines 15-17). When one â€Å"gluts† or oversupplies something, this leads to a drop in the price of the thing. Sorrow glutted upon these things of beauty causes itself to become cheap, and therefore easily acquired. It is difficult to see how this can be a solution to sorrow at all, since it merely proliferates it. However, it does support the thesis that sorrow is easily achieved in life; and it can also be seen to fit well with the ideas of the novel Frankenstein, in which the Monster goes on a rampage and gluts sorrow upon the happiness that once existed in Victor’s world. Yet, the glut of sorrow that Keats indicates exists in life is even more visible when one considers the condition of the Monster himself. The â€Å"life† into which he is brought is even more desolate and melancholy than that experienced by real humans. He is the only one of his kind and is marginalized by his very dissimilarity to man. His hatred and wickedness is spawned directly from this fact—which is a direct result of Frankenstein’s â€Å"[twisting] Wolfs-bane [†¦] for its poisonous wine† (Keats, lines 1-2). When the Monster speaks to Frankenstein, it is to display the condition to which he has been brought in life. He says, â€Å"I am malicious because I am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind?† (Shelley, 147) It is this immense sorrow that the Monster’s life has brought him that overflows in its surplus and gluts itself on the morning rose of everything that is good in Frankenstein’s life. It affects the promise of his friend and brothers’ lives, and causes the shedding of his wife’s bloom and beauty. The ideas concerning the melancholy of life, which are reflected in this poem and novel, demonstrate several notions that are usually considered Romantic. The idea of something’s being Romantic gives the impression that it affects more gaiety than it really does possess. This can be shown to be true of the novel Frankenstein as the contentment that the doctor proposes to receive from fulfilling his plan is in direct contrast to what actually results from his work. Yet further ideas concerning Romanticism can also be extracted from these two works. The moral and Romantic belief in the apocalyptic events (as those portrayed in the Bible) followed by an era of peace and serenity can be shown to be reflected to some extent in the texts of the Keats’ poem and Shelley’s novel. Shelley’s protagonist is hit upon by doom and destruction as a result of the actions he performed during his life. This is also demonstrated in the melancholy that â€Å"falls† in Keats’ poem as a result of the actions of one who deliberately seeks out the underside of the life. Similarly, Romantic (biblical) destruction of the earth is also purported to be a direct result of the actions of mankind. However, once the destruction is complete, peace returns to the earth. This is seen to occur at the end of the novel Frankenstein when the monster destroys his maker and then wanders off to seek his own destruction. This appears to restore equilibrium to the world. Yet, this equilibrium cannot be said to be of the same optimistic quality as the â€Å"peace and tranquility† that is supposed to follow the apocalypse. In fact, this equilibrium keeps itself closer to the theme of melancholy being present naturally within life, as it is a balance between good and evil that defines this equilibrium. The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and the poem â€Å"Ode on Melancholy† by John Keats bear many similarities to each other. They contain the idea that seeking too much the things that lie beyond life will unleash a measure of death and sorrow that is not only unnecessary, but that will disrupt the gentle equilibrium that exists on earth. Life, in equilibrium, contains both joy and sorrow—so melancholy will come in good time without being sought. The actions of Dr. Frankenstein prove Keats’ theory to be correct in that he pushes to see beyond life and finds the death and sorrow in greater abundance than that which he sought. The optimism typical of the romantics is challenged in the ideas of these writers, as even the return of life’s equilibrium means that death and sorrow will have as much freedom to harm humans as life and happiness to comfort them. Works Cited Keats, John. 1819. â€Å"Ode on Melancholy.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. I.   Ã‚   M. H. Abrams, et al. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993. Shelley, Mary. 1831. Frankenstein. Bowser, BC: Aerie Publishing, 1988. How to cite The novel Frankenstein written in 1831 by Mary Shelley, Essay examples

Cyber Crime in Australia-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Cyber Crime in Australia. Answer: Introduction Cyber crime is becoming one of the raging issues for the businesses in Australia. It is difficult to assume the accurate figure of how much the businesses are expending due to the enhancement in the cyber crime. The increase in the cyber crime causes disruption in business and results in information and revenue loss. Besides the private sector, the government of Australia is also concerned about the amplification of the issues related to cyber crimes. Consequently, the business organizations as well as the government of the country are striving to develop cyber security policies and implement them within the business organization and in the country (Valli, Martinus and Johnstone 2014). The Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC) has amalgamated all the cyber security capabilities that were prevailing across the Australian Government into a single location. CERT is the Computer Emergency Response Team of the country and is the contact point for all the Australian businesses that are affected by cyber security issues. All the major Australian businesses including the owners of the critical infrastructures or any other systems that is of national interest who becomes subject to cyber security issues shall contact CERT for assistance and support against such cyber threats. The Australian businesses are under statutory obligation to act in compliance with the cyber security framework (Stuart 2016). Project Objective To identify the kinds of threats posed by cyber crimes in Australian Businesses To recognize the challenges faced by cyber security for businesses in Australia Project Scope The scope of the project is to recognize the challenges and the issues related to cyber security faced by the Australian businesses and the legal statutes or policies that have been enacted or developed by the government of the country with a view to safeguard the business organizations from the cyber threats (Brookes 2015). The business corporations shall be at an advantageous position if they act in compliance with the cyber security provide by the government of the country. The literature review shall also entail useful information about the types of challenges that are being faced by the business organizations due to the enhancement of the cyber crimes. Further, the information includes the huge amount of money that is incurred by these business organizations to maintain the advanced cyber security systems. Moreover, the information provided about the different methods that would safeguard the businesses from being subjected to cyber crimes. Literature review Concept and Impact of cyber crime in Business in Australia The cybercrime refers to the crime committed using computer devices and the internet to act in contrary to the law. Some of the common cyber crimes include online frauds, identity fraud, theft, and hacking of websites and computer systems. Cyber crime attacks lead the companies to spend hefty amount as per the unclassified report of the Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC). As per the report of the ACSC, the businesses that are mostly subjected to cyber crimes include Banking, Communication providers and Energy providers. In Australia, most of the business is dependent on the Internet for their everyday activities. All the critical and vital information are being stored in the online storage systems known as cloud such as the information about the details of the company, the personal information about the members of the organization, the financial details and other useful an vital information of the company (Wall 2015). It has become a common practice for the hackers to hack such digital information of major companies and threaten the companies to cause damage to their reputation. To compromise with company data is a serious issue for any company and the corporations are required to be cautious and adopt reasonable measures to prevent such cyber crime. Cyber activities that are malicious in nature pose a security challenge for all the businesses being operated in the country and all over the world. The Australian organizations across the private and public sectors have been subject to frequent cyber attacks. In fact, major multinationals overseas and governmental organizations have suffered immense loss of sensitive and personal information causing significant damage to the business and its goodwill (Sarre 2016). The most common cyber security issues faced by Australian Companies Recently, in 2016, major companies like Yahoo and Snapchat have been subject to significant cyber attacks that had caused substantial damage to the privacy data of the companies and have affected their reputation as well. Given that the country has a stable economy and a very internet friendly society, it is no surprise that it attracts a good opportunity for the cyber criminals to hack the digital information. The most common forms of the cyber related activities that causes damage to the reputation of the company are as follows: Number of fakes- the number of fakes is increasing that causes reduction in the trust of the people in the internet and businesses. This implies that it becomes difficult for the businesses to build trusts with the customers. Fake advertisements are becoming common for the hijackers to hijack the websites. Email frauds- Due to the fakes appearing all over the internet, the hijackers are provided with greater accessibility to the machine learning tools, which gave rise to fake email frauds. The cyber criminal usually target those individuals who are conferred with greater financial responsibility within the business and deceives that individual to transfer the funds into a fraudulent bank account. App store malware- the increase in mobile ransomware allows hackers to have access to credit cards and bank accounts. Authentication scheme- people usually use the same passwords for various accounts and cyber criminal depend on the previous history of previous passwords and access their accounts. Concept of cyber security In order to combat with cyber crimes, multi-disciplinary affair that aims at preventing cybercrime from taking place in the first place and minimizing its impact after it takes places. This is known as the practice of cyber security. Although it is a fact, that cyber security is constantly developing with the increase in the cyber crimes, but in case of failure of the cyber security, it would cause violation of user accounts and publications of passwords and names (Scully 2014). The cyber crimes usually deal with financial gain, theft of government intelligence or critical business infrastructures. Further, the incline in the occurrence in the malicious cyber activities, it is posing a threat to the national security, economy and foreign policy of the country. Challenges of cyber security Since the systems and people have become connected significantly, the value and quantity of information that is available online has enhanced as well. This has also led to an incline in the attempts made to exploit and steal such information. This establishes the fact that the cyberspace and the opportunities it offers pose a significant threat (Clough 2015). The most substantial challenge that cyber security faces is the humans themselves. Multi-faced creatures who are merely concerned about their influences, agendas, beliefs and their faults, characterize the human. They give more priority to their own interests and agendas and wisdom have time to think about others (Hooper et al. 2013). Even the strictest system can be hacked by using the social engineering. A user who is convinced to provide his login details over the phone to some unknown person; an innocent click on any email link or being convinced to provide personal information, cannot be prevented from falling into the trap of cyber enabled activities. Under such circumstances, no secure network or security software or firewalls can prevent such cyber activities. In a recent research made by the University of Germany, it has been reported that more than half of people simply click on links that have been sent by strangers despite being aware of the fact that such messages or links could easily hack their personal as well as other essential information. Further, it can be observed that although cyber security is all about defending the technologies used by businesses in the contemporary world, but it also defends individuals. However, the due to the unawareness or casualness that people exhibit while accessing websites and social networks, they fall prey to the advanced cyber enabled activities which causes loss of valuable information as well as psychological distress. Therefore, it is important to understand and recognize the threats posed by the cyber crimes to avert such crimes. Another significant factor that poses a challenge to the cyber security in the contemporary world is the increase in the targeted attacks- from violation and email distribution of socially engineered ransomware with a view to cause harmful attacks on the critical infrastructure like energy networks. Data manipulation is another significant challenge that encompasses cyber security today. This refers to the controlling of the machines or providing wrong/manipulated information to human operators without their knowledge (Yar 2013). An intrusion vector refers to the path that gains access to a target and the common intrusion vectors include malicious links and emails sent, attachments, fake websites that download viruses and through unsecured wireless hotspots and weak passwords. Malicious actors use intrusion vectors with a view to exploit human behavior (Ko and Choo 2015). They usually create an email that contains malicious software, which is based on the interest of the person targeted in order to attract the target to open such vector. The actors usually manipulate such persons to disclose confidential information and such target is ether chosen through social media or cyberspace. Lack of proper education and awareness is another essential factor that poses a challenge to the cyber security. It has been observed that professionals like lawyers and doctors hold prestigious positions but have incompetent knowledge about the cyber security. Education includes incorporating cyber security at workplace to inform people of the risks associated with the cyber space. Another essential factor includes lack of collaboration amongst the individuals and authorities that are responsible to prevent any form of cyber attacks. On the contrary, the attackers work together as a team and they work exceptionally well in that they share their knowledge and skills and develop new hacking techniques. Impact on Business The Cyber Security Strategy lays more emphasis on the damage that is caused to the business due to the malicious cyber activity especially, theft and manipulation of the company data and other relevant information (Shackelford 2014). Although the contravention and hacking of the company information brings the organization under the limelight and attracts media coverage, but if such information is or trade secrets is compromised by competitors or they become subject to the hactivist attacks like Sony that was allegedly caused by the North Korean hackers, it would cause substantial damage to the business organization. The cyber-enabled activities shall affect the directorial duties as well as the requirements of annual director report disclosure, hence, the directors are required to exhibit care ad diligence while exercising their duties. Statutory Regulations The Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) has stated that cyber resilience is regarded as high-risk area that shall be taken into consideration in ASICs surveillance programs of regulated entities. Hence, the business organizations are required to comply with the regulations. The Australian Securities Exchange recommended that listed entities must review the effectiveness of the management framework. The Privacy Act [1988] (Cth) (Privacy Act) requires all private sector and non-for-profit organizations whose annual turnover is more than $3 million to take reasonable steps in order to safeguard the personal information from being lost or misused. The establishment of the Cyber Security Strategy by the Australian Government aimed at implementing the following five themes of action in the next four years to 2020: Stringent cyber defenses; National cyber partnership Cyber smart nation; Innovation and growth; Global influence and obligations; The government shall provide substantial resources with a view to improve its own cyber security facilities, which would require recruitment of cyber security specialists in every governmental departments and agencies. given that the cyber attacks are usually conducted through the weakest link and that the hackers target the individuals by accessing the connected networks, therefore, the government is required to provide guidance to the government agencies with a view to continuously assess the security risks associated with such agencies (Shafqat and Masood 2016). The Cyber Security Strategy provides a wide scope for development in the cyber security sector. The private sectors are required to co-design the national voluntary guidelines on cyber security. The government shall develop a national plan to improve the cyber security of the country as a part of the National Innovation and Science Agenda. The government aims at: Recognizing the cyber technology gaps for the industry; Coordinating and linking with a national cyber security innovation network and the cyber security innovation hubs overseas; To invest in the national cyber security framework and infrastructure; Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be inferred that although there are several threats associated with cyber security in Australia, but there are technological opportunities that would enable the country to combat such crime-enabled activities. On one hand, it is the technology that has led to an incline the cyber crime rates all over the world, on the other hand, it is the same technology that provides opportunities to prevent the same. Technology provides new ways of conducting business operations and presents new business and economic opportunities. In order to prevent cyber crimes and ensure cyber security it is important that cyber security form an essential part of the conversation in every business organization so that it is considered in the decisionmaking process of the organization. Every business organizations must ensure that they have best practice policies, an efficient IT auditing and a responsible staffs for cyber security operations. Further, in case of a breach, the faster it is responded to the greater is the possibility of lessening the loss, whether it is reputational or financial. Lastly, sharing the results of the cyber breach with government and industry shall prevent an unknown hacker from hacking the organizations information. Reference list Valli, C., Martinus, I. and Johnstone, M., 2014, January. Small to medium enterprise cyber security awareness: an initial survey of Western Australian business. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Security and Management (SAM) (p. 1). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp). Stuart, D., 2016. Defence mechanism. Company Director, 32(6), p.40. Brookes, C., 2015. Cyber security: Time for an integrated whole-of-nation approach in australia. Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers. Brookes, C., 2015. Cyber security: Time for an integrated whole-of-nation approach in australia. Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers. Sarre, R., 2016. Hacked: Digital innovation comes hand in hand with cyber security. Scully, T., 2014. The cyber security threat stops in the boardroom. Journal of business continuity emergency planning, 7(2), pp.138-148. Broadhurst, R., Grabosky, P., Alazab, M., Bouhours, B. and Chon, S., 2014. An analysis of the nature of groups engaged in cyber crime. Hooper, C., Martini, B. and Choo, K.K.R., 2013. Cloud computing and its implications for cybercrime investigations in Australia. Computer Law Security Review, 29(2), pp.152-163. Yar, M., 2013. Cybercrime and society. Sage. Crawford, T.A.M. and Evans, K., 2016. Crime prevention and community safety. Ko, R. and Choo, R., 2015. The Cloud Security Ecosystem: Technical, Legal, Business and Management Issues. Syngress. Shackelford, S.J., 2014. Managing cyber attacks in international law, business, and relations: In search of cyber peace. Cambridge University Press. Yu, S., Wang, G. and Zhou, W., 2015. Modeling malicious activities in cyber space. IEEE network, 29(6), pp.83-87. Shafqat, N. and Masood, A., 2016. Comparative analysis of various national cyber security strategies. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, 14(1), p.129. Fourie, L., Pang, S., Kingston, T., Hettema, H., Watters, P. and Sarrafzadeh, H., 2014. The global cyber security workforce: an ongoing human capital crisis. Clough, J., 2015. Principles of cybercrime. Cambridge University Press. Wall, D.S., 2015. The Internet as a conduit for criminal activity. Vakhitova, Z.I. and Reynald, D.M., 2014. Australian Internet users and guardianship against cyber abuse: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 8(2), p.156.